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A maximum level is the average haz- ard parameter per time unit that does not damage the health of a worker in an 8-h working day a h working week. If construction has a main contractor, prior notice of construc- tion has to be delivered by the main contractor.
If there is no main contractor, the owner of the construction must appoint a contractor to be responsible for health and safety on the site and inform other contractors of this fact.
To ensure safety and prevent health risks on the construction site, any employer who has labourers on site must abide by the nations laws and regulations. This requires special attention when working abroad. This control will involve the labourers and will involve the work environment risk assess- ment.
If required, proper adjust- ments must be made according to any variations discovered. The labourer is prohibited from working under the effects of alcohol, narcotics, toxins or psychotropic substances. Appointing a coordinator does not relieve the contractor or owner of their responsibilities. Workplaces have to have enough height and square footage to allow labourers to do their work without damaging their health.
For every labourer in a workplace, there has to be at least 10 m3 of air space when calculating air space, the height of a room will be considered to be 3. If need be, walkway routes must be covered or access to danger zone prevented.
Lights must be placed so that they do not harm the labour- ers. Lighting must ensure the good visibility of danger signs and emergency shut-down devices. During construction, personnel are forbidden from occupy- ing sections on top of which assembling operations are taking place or loads are being moved. When slinging handleable and installable elements, inventory slings and other cargo capturing devices must be used.
These must be made according to an authenticated method, checked and certified. The available slinging manner must prevent the cargo from falling or sliding when lifted and must provide the opportunity of unhooking it from a distance, if the work level from where it is lifted exceeds 2 m.
Swinging or revolving of a lifted construction element must be prevented by binding it with rope. Openings in ceilings for devices, elevators, staircases, etc. The assembled element can be unslung only if it has been temporarily or permanently secured in its intended position, according to the project plan.
Before digging operations can commence, the dangers from underground cables and other transmission systems must be identified and brought to a minimum danger level. On-site safety requirements Pits, wells and tunnels must have safe exits and entrances. Piles of soil, materials and vehicles must be kept away from the digging site and, if need be, barriers must be erected around the digging site. If using such measures is impossible, because of the nature of the work, then the labourer must be given a safety belt or body harness and be attached to safety cables or ropes.
Other methods to ensure worker safety may also be used. Railings being used to prevent falling must have a handrail at a height of at least 1 m, a footrail and a rail in the middle at a height of 0. The rail in the middle can be replaced with appropriate plates or nets.
Railings must be placed on the sides of gangways and work stages that have a height of at least 2 m. Scaffolding must have railings if the height of the fall is above 2 m. If the work is carried out in good weather condi- tions and the roof is slip-proof, then the railing must be attached if the edge of the roof is higher than 5 m.
If work on the roof is short term and the labourer is using a safety belt or a harness, the stipulations mentioned earlier are unnecessary. The means of installing and removing safety apparatus onto a roof must themselves be made safe for the labourer.
Simultaneous demolition work on several floors is forbidden. In addition, it is forbidden to collapse materials on sub-ceilings. Labourers must be protected from falling objects. Areas where such possibilities exist must be defined as danger zones.
If need be, covered gangways must be built, or access to the danger zone prohibited. The level of fresh air required is calculated by taking into account the nature of the work, the work methods being used and the physical strain the labourers are under. Dangerous substances or dust that can damage health, and which is created during the work process, must be removed from the workplace. The ventilation system being used must be properly main- tained and not cause unhealthy drafts.
Emergency exits must be properly labelled and equipped with emergency lights to protect labourers coming into danger through a malfunction in the lighting system. Chapter 7 Requirements for work equipment Chapter outline 7. If it is not possible to ensure total safety, then measures must be taken to bring the risk to a minimum level. The employer must provide the necessary training and safety guidance to the user before he or she starts using the equipment.
Labourers working with pressure and lifting devices, non-road mobile machinery and other dangerous equipment, must undergo special training organised by the employer, and if required, take periodical refresher courses. The guidance and training must be repeated when work equip- ment is changed or upgraded. The employer must consult the labourers and the work environment representatives and take into account their proposals to decrease and avoid dangers arising from work equipment.
The employer must ensure that ladders and scaffolds are in working order. Ladders must be checked at least once a month. The work equipment and its parts — platforms, stairs and other areas used by labourers when operating equipment — must have sufficient strength to withstand the strain of the equip- ment and must have safety railings; in addition, the equipment cannot cause slipping, stumbling or falling.
The control, guidance and warning means for the equipment must be clearly visible, properly labelled and easy to understand. To avoid dangerous contact with a moving part of the work equipment, a safety railing or a safety device must be installed to prevent access to dangerous area.
Any immobile external part of the work equipment that is not guarded but could be dangerous to the labourer must be painted with either alternating yellow and black or alternating red and white stripes. Forklift trucks must be modified or installed with devices that ensure the safety of the operator if the machine rolls over.
There must be an easily accessible emergency shutdown device or an automatic system to stop the machine if this is necessary to provide safety. Mobile work equipment can only be used by labourers with the necessary special training. The employer must ensure that before work equipment goes into use, it is correctly assembled and is in working order.
The results of the inspection and testing of the work equipment must be presented to the national oversight official if he or she so requires. The operation booth of the lifting device must have a clearly visible sign of the nominal load of the device and if required the lifting loads in various positions of the lifting device or var- ious auxiliary means.
A labourer cannot be under a load that is being lifted, if it is unnecessary for work operations. Only slingers with special training can take part in lifting operations. Moving cargo over an unprotected workplace where there are labourers is prohibited. If it is not possible to meet this require- ment, other measures must be taken in order to provide safety for the labourers. Lifting accessories must be labelled with their technical specifications according to the relevant requirements.
When using a mobile lifting device to lift cargo, the employee must use measures to make sure the device does not tilt, roll over or move by itself from its fixed location, and must ensure that the measures are correctly enforced. The signaller must enforce work-organised measures to prevent harm to the labourers from accidental collisions.
If the labourer fixes or releases the cargo by hand, precautions must be taken to ensure this is done safely and that the labourer has a direct or remote control over the lifting device.
If the lifting device is not equipped with a safety device that pre- vents the cargo from falling in the event of a total or partial power loss, then other measures must be taken against this hazard. Hanging cargo cannot be unsupervised, except when the cargo is safely secured or access to the danger zone is blocked. Operation of a lifting device outside must be stopped if atmos- pheric conditions worsen to a degree where they could endanger the operation of the device or the personnel servicing it.
Labourers must be pro- tected from electric shocks and from direct or indirect contact with the source. When designing and choosing electrical devices and protective equipment, the relevant properties of every workplace must be taken into account and suitable safety precautions taken, for example regarding the electrical conductivity of workplaces and danger of explosion.
While using work equipment, threats from gas, steam, liquid, compressed air or any other sort of energy must be minimised. Explosions deriving from substances used or produced by work equipment must be prevented. The interruption, recovery or variation of work equipment power supply cannot cause a dangerous situation. Requirements for work equipment 7. If work equipment is used in other conditions, the employer must enforce supplementary safety measures.
The position and manner of instalment of work equipment, spaces between the movable and immovable parts, power sup- ply and delivery, and use and removal of peripherals must be safe for both the user and the personnel surrounding the equipment. If the structure of the work equipment does not allow perma- nent fixing, and the user, other personnel and their possessions may be unsafe, the work equipment must be firmly secured to a platform using specially designed connections.
If the incorrect assembly of the work equipment parts, gas pipes, steam pipes, liquid pipes or electric circuits could cause a threat, the connection points must be labelled with instruc- tions for assembly and, if need be, the direction in which the part or liquid should move.
During breaks, when any dangerous parts the work equipment may have are stopped, the power must also be turned off. Equipment operation, control and warning devices must be clearly visible, properly labelled and easy to understand. Generally, the equipment operating device must be outside the danger zone. Its intentional or unintentional use cannot cause extra danger.
If that is impossible, the automatic warning device must give out a warning before the equipment is activated. The delay before activation must be enough for workers to leave the danger zone or to use technical aids which minimise danger during the activation or deactivation of the work equipment.
Spontaneous activation, deactivation or change in the work regime must be prevented. These can only happen if the oper- ating device is used. This does not apply to the normal working cycle of an automatic control device.
All work equipment must be equipped with a deactivation device for total and safe deactivation. The deactivation device must be given priority over the activation device so that unin- tentional activations may be avoided. The operating systems of work equipment must be safe. A malfunction in the operating system or damage to it cannot cause danger. If required, an automatic deactivation device and an electricity cut-off switch must be installed on the equipment.
If the work equipment has a warning to alert users of its dan- gerous malfunction or break down, the signal given out must be easy to understand and loud, or clearly visible. Requirements for work equipment Work equipment for temporary work at height must be suited for the work and able to withstand the expected burden. In addition, the work equipment must be positioned so that it allows safe access to the workplace.
Workplaces on top of ladders during temporary work at heights can only be used if the usage of other safer work equipment is not justified because of minimal danger, short period of use or on-the-spot conditions that the labourer cannot change.
Ropes and hawsers can only be used during temporary work at height if the risk assessment shows that it is safe and the usage of safer work equipment is impossible. Ladders must be positioned so that they remain firm for the duration of use. Ladders must stand on a properly sized, strong and immovable base so that the steps are horizontal. A hanging ladder, rope ladder excluded, must be attached so that the ladder does not move or swing.
A collapsible ladder must be prevented from slipping by securing the top or bottom of the ladder with equipment that prevents such slipping. An access ladder must be long enough to reach at least 1 m above the accessed level, unless the ladder is stationary. Generally, scaffolds must be industrial or made by a civil engineer. All scaffolds must be installed and maintained with their strength in mind, so that they are sturdy for any kind of activity.
Scaffolds that are near material or personal traffic routes or cargo lifting zones must be protected from blows, damage and rotation. The danger zone around a scaffold must be isolated with railings and warning signs.
Scaffolds must be equipped with special means to avoid the slipping of supporting parts or other effective solutions. The base must have a sufficient load-bearing capacity and must ensure that the scaffold will stand steadily.
Scaffolds with wheels must have measures that prevent random movements. The size, form and position of the scaffold must be suitable for the specific work operation and be able to carry the load required. It must also provide safety for labourers working and moving on it. The scaffold platforms must be installed so as to ensure that in regular use their constituent parts do not move and there are no dangerous spaces between the vertical railings that prevent falling.
The space between a scaffold and a wall cannot be more than 30 cm. If some of the scaffolds are not ready for use during installation or the scaffolds are being dismantled or modified, they must be labelled with the proper warning signs and access to their dan- ger zones must be prevented. Scaffolds used in construction must have installation and dis- mantling plans.
This special training must be documented. Metal scaffolds must be grounded so that workers are safe from random electrical current. If the scaffold is positioned on one side of the building, it must be earthed from one place; if it is positioned on two or more sides, then in at least two places.
Scaffolds, ladders and work platforms must be checked before they are put to use on the construction site, including cases where they have been exposed to strong winds, have been under heavy equipment or loads or have been unused for over one month.
Formworks, temporary supports and support walls must be designed, installed and maintained in such a way that they can bear the load that they are intended to carry. When checking these structures, special attention should be paid to the support and protection structures. The primary fire extinguishers must be placed in visible and easily accessible places as close to exits as possible, or immedi- ately beside workplaces where fire hazards are most likely to occur.
If there are explosive substances used or stored on the con- struction site that can release explosive gas or dust when used, safety measures must be enforced to decrease fire and explo- sion hazards. There must be instructions on how to act during a fire on the construction site. Chapter 8 Work healthcare Chapter outline 8.
When moving weights manually, work healthcare and work safety laws must be followed. The employer must design and adjust workplaces in which weights are moved manually to be as safe as possible for the labourer. The employer must ensure that the moved loads do not exceed the physical capabilities of the employee. Pregnant women and women three months after a pregnancy, and all workers under 16 years old, are not allowed to perform mov- ing operations.
On scaffolds, roofs, work platforms and other places where the threat of falling cannot be avoided with other safety measures, safety harnesses with the proper attachment systems must be used.
Generally, protective footwear must be used in construction. During flooring operations or other operations that require kneeling, kneepads must be used. If work is carried out in the dark or underground, work clothes must have reflectors or reflective strips.
For work in places where there is vehicle traffic, labourers must wear a safety vest or safety clothing and if this work is done in the dark, addi- tional reflective strips are required. When choosing protective equipment, personal protective equipment must be preferred. In case of field work, then, warming rooms and dining rooms and other non-work rooms.
Rest rooms must be satisfactory in size and equipped with tables and seats with back sup- ports. There is no smoking allowed in the rest rooms. The labourers must be provided with drinking water, includ- ing non-reusable or washable drinking vessels.
The workers must be ensured first-aid from a qualified person if there is an accident or sudden illness on the site. There must be accessible first-aid kits and eye wash on the con- struction site. The location of the first-aid kits must be properly signed. Obliging signs. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Construction Site Workplace Safety Plan. Health and Safety Risk Management. Ferguson, I. Batsford Ltd. Health and Site Executive. Hedfeld, K. Illingworth, J.
Mantscheff, J. VOB Teil A u. Peurifoy, R. Construction Planning, Equipments and Methods. Temporary Work Design. Dikman, L. Organizacija, planirovanije i upravlenije. Please try again. The work is protected by local and international copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning.
You have successfully signed out and will be required to sign back in should you need to download more resources. Michael S. Zaniewski, West Virginia University. Chapter 1 includes a more detailed discussion of viscoelastic material behavior, along with a sample problem.
Chapter 3 reflects more current information on the production of steel. Chapter 5 includes a new sample problem about water absorbed by aggregate in order to highlight that absorbed water cannot hydrate cement or improve the workability of plastic concrete.
Chapter 6 now features two sample problems to help students determine the appropriate amount of mixing water to clarify the effect of water reducer on the properties of concrete. Chapter 7 includes new sections on concrete mixing water and pervious concrete, along with a sample problem. Chapter 9 discusses the multiple stress creep recovery test.
Information about the immersion compression test was replaced with the tensile strength ratio method to reflect current practices. The section on the binder was refined to incorporate the effect of load and speed, and the section on diameteral tensile resilient has been removed. Chapter 10 now dives into greater detail on wood deterioration and preservation.
The first two sample problems have been revised to provide more accurate information. Chapter 11 reflects information on the effective length of fibers and the ductility of FRP. Several new figures have been added to incorporate fibers, fabrics, laminates, and composites used in civil engineering applications. The laboratory manual offers two new experiments and updates on the experiment on polymers and composites.
New to This Edition. Pedagogical features help students relate and engage with the text Over figures have been added to help display core concepts and equipment.
Introduction to Measuring Devices 2. Tension Test of Steel and Aluminum 3. Torsion Test of Steel and Aluminum 4. Impact Test of Steel 5.
Microscopic Inspection of Materials 6. Creep in Polymers 7. Sieve Analysis of Aggregates 8. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate 9. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate Making and Curing Concrete Cylinders and Beams Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
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